Este trabalho analisa a influência tributária na definição do modelo constitucional de atribuição dos resultados econômicos da exploração do petróleo offshore, no Brasil. Além da abordagem constitucional do tema, destaca-se a participação dos entes federativos estaduais nas rendas da produção de petróleo, sua federalização e, em decorrência, a redução das rendas dos entes federativos subnacionais, implicando num movimento compensatório pela via da utilização de elementos de natureza tributária, tais como o extinto Imposto Único sobre Minerais e o regime constitucional especial (...) de cobrança na origem do ICMS devido nas operações de combustíveis e derivados de petróleo. (shrink)

In this paper we introduce the concept of conservative translation between logics. We present some necessary and sufficient conditions for a translation to be conservative and study some general properties of logical systems, these properties being characterized by the existence of conservative translations between the systems. We prove that the class constituted by logics and conservative translations between them determines a co-complete subcategory of the bi-complete category constituted by logics and translations.

This paper explores two persistent questions in the literature on presumptions: the place and the nature of presumptions in law and legal argumentation. These questions were originally raised by James Bradley Thayer, one of the masters of the Law of Evidence and the author of the classic chapter devoted this subject in A preliminary treatise on Evidence. Like Thayer, I believe that these questions deserve attention. First the paper shows that the connection between presumptions and argumentation is a constant feature (...) in the literature on presumptions, since its foundation in the Middle Ages to modern times. James Bradley Thayer was probably the last jurist who clearly saw that presumptions belong to argumentation. Second, the paper examines two sources of controversy in the language of presumptions. First, “presumption” is an ambiguous word in the legal discourse. As a result, it is almost impossible to provide a clear and succinct answer to the question “What is a presumption?”. Second, there are at least four reconstructions of the concept of presumption whose merits and shortcomings are relevant to explore. The analysis presented here may be of interest for legal and non-legal scholars and, hopefully, it may help to shed light on the possibilities and limits of an interdisciplinary dialogue about presumptions. (shrink)

O artigo lança um olhar sobre as deficiências físicas, sensoriais e cognitivas da pessoa humana, substituindo a ideia de Deus como seu causador direto ou indireto pela teoria da aleatoriedade. Define a deficiência como expressão do caráter limitado do ser humano em geral. Propõe uma abordagem pastoral e uma postura ética diante das pessoas com deficiência.

We look at two fundamental logical processes, often intertwined in planning and problem solving: inference and update. Inference is an internal process with which we uncover what is implicit in the information we already have. Update, on the other hand, is produced by external communication, usually in the form of announcements and in general in the form of observations, giving us information that might not have been available (even implicitly) before. Both processes have received attention from the logic community, usually (...) separately. In this work, we develop a logical language that allows us to describe them together. We present syntax, semantics and a complete axiom system; we discuss similarities and differences with other approaches and mention how the work can be extended. (shrink)

O presente artigo investiga a unidade de valor entre ética e moral, proposta por Ronald Dworkin, assumindo, como ponto de partida, o constitucionalismo pluralista latino-americano. Para tanto, o bem viver, afirmado pelas Constituições boliviana e equatoriana mediante o resgate da sabedoria indígena ancestral – pelo reconhecimento respectivamente do suma qamaña e do sumak kawsay como fundamentos da ordem constitucional – é problematizado a partir da relação que possui com o desafio de consolidação de uma vida boa que expresse o comprometimento (...) com os valores de liberdade, igualdade e comunidade. Referido objeto demandou abordagem interdisciplinar, com destaque para a interação entre o Direito Constitucional e a Filosofia. Os resultados da investigação apontam para a convergência entre a concepção de vida boa aludida por Dworkin e o bem viver que fundamenta as constituições pluralistas latino-americanas. A pesquisa se insere na vertente jurídico-sociológica para o desenvolvimento de investigação de tipo jurídico-investigativo e técnica bibliográfica. Para consideração das fontes, foi adotado o procedimento de análise de conteúdo, com a predominância de raciocínios dedutivos e dialéticos. (shrink)

L’un des philosophes les plus importants de l’histoire, Friedrich Nietzsche, est presque ignoré par les physiciens. L’auteur qui a déclaré la mort de Dieu au xixe siècle était enthousiasmé par la science, principalement durant la deuxième partie de son œuvre. À l’aide de la notion physique de force, Nietzsche a créé son concept de volonté de puissance. En pensant à la conservation de l’énergie, le philosophe allemand a eu une certaine inspiration pour créer son concept de l’éternel retour. Dans cet (...) article, on souligne certaines influences de la physique sur Nietzsche et on discute de l’actualité de sa position épistémologique—le perspectivisme. À partir du concept de volonté de puissance, je propose que le perspectivisme conduise à l’interprétation où la physique et la science en général sont considérées comme un jeu. (shrink)

My main objective is to clarify the platonic perspective about the narratives which present a allegorical character. The question arises from the fact that the philosopher systematically avoids using the terms????????? and???????????, usually translated as narrative and narrate, to designate the allegories in his works. His refusal is odd, because his use of the terms covers a heterogeneous group of narratives and apparently there is no reason that prevents them from designating the allegorical passages. My proposal for a solution is (...) develop a analysis of the occurrences of????????? and??????????? in corpus platonicum, which aims to promote a more detailed characterization of the meaning of the terms. To understand one of the aspects found in this survey, the concept of testimony, I follow the interpretation of Luc Brisson in his work Platon les mots et les mythes. Finally, based on Brisson's thesis, I try to explain why the philosopher avoids the terms????????? and??????????? to refer to the allegorical narratives. (shrink)

Resumo: Esta é uma leitura onto-topológica de Nietzsche inspirada na microesferologia de Peter Sloterdijk. Trabalha com a diferença entre "mergulhar no mundo" e "recuar". Essa diferença permite acessar de modo concreto a posição do avaliador de medidas e genealogista. Palavras-chave: Nietzsche; onto-topologia; estranhamento; Sloterdijk; self negativo.

In spite of successful tests, the standard cosmological model, the $$\varLambda$$ CDM model, possesses the most problematic concept: the initial singularity, also known as the big bang. In this paper—by adopting the Kantian difference between to think of an object and to cognize an object—it is proposed a degree of scientificity using fuzzy sets. Thus, the notion of initial singularity will not be conceived of as a scientific issue because it does not belong to the fuzzy set of what is (...) known. Indeed, the problematic concept of singularity is some sort of what Kant called the noumenon, but science, on the other hand, is constructed in the phenomenon. By applying the fuzzy degree of scientificity in cosmological models, one concludes that cosmologies with a contraction phase before the current expansion phase are potentially more scientific than the standard model. At the end of this article, it is shown that Kant’s first antinomy of pure reason indicates a limit to our cosmological models. (shrink)

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, preschool teachers must quickly adjust to online education. During COVID-19, teachers have been forced to embrace technology. This study investigates the lived experiences and challenges of preschool teachers. Employing the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, the findings of this study were: It was found that managing parent expectations and dealing with challenging parent behavior were among the sources of stress for preschool teachers. This fear of being judged or criticized by parents could influence their teaching practices and (...) interactions with students, leading to feelings of anxiety or insecurity. Further, preschool teachers faced challenges in implementing blended learning, including technological issues, a lack of support and resources, and difficulties creating engaging online content. However, as teachers gained more experience and knowledge about effectively using online tools and technologies for instruction, these challenges became more manageable. Also limited or unreliable internet connectivity was also a significant challenge faced by teachers and students in the transition to online learning. The digital divide and various technical, bandwidth, and security concerns exacerbated it. Internet connection was a major frustration for her during online classes as it affected her ability to communicate and teach her students effectively. Moreover, preschool teachers have had to adapt to the challenges of blended learning by implementing various strategies and making preparations to guide and support their students effectively. These strategies have included using games and other engaging activities to keep students motivated and engaged, developing online lesson plans, and using online teaching platforms and tools. However, the transition to blended learning has also been a source of stress for preschool teachers. They have had to manage additional workloads and responsibilities and deal with challenges such as supporting students with varying technology access and skills. (shrink)

L’un des philosophes les plus importants de l’histoire, Friedrich Nietzsche, est presque ignoré par les physiciens. L’auteur qui a déclaré la mort de Dieu au xixe siècle était enthousiasmé par la science, principalement durant la deuxième partie de son œuvre. À l’aide de la notion physique de force, Nietzsche a créé son concept de volonté de puissance. En pensant à la conservation de l’énergie, le philosophe allemand a eu une certaine inspiration pour créer son concept de l’éternel retour. Dans cet (...) article, on souligne certaines influences de la physique sur Nietzsche et on discute de l’actualité de sa position épistémologique—le perspectivisme. À partir du concept de volonté de puissance, je propose que le perspectivisme conduise à l’interprétation où la physique et la science en général sont considérées comme un jeu. (shrink)

Construo esta pesquisa para dar visibilidade ao corpo estranho como produtor de arte, cultura e conhecimentos, quando esse encontra sua casa, o “seu corpo”, na escola. Esta se desenvolve epistemologicamente em Arte-educação descolonial a partir da condição na qual sempre fui colocado, de corpo estranho, por ser imperfeito ao modelo de corpo colonial imposto no ocidente, sempre em relação a um Outro. Continuamente, por isso, vivo sendo posto na categoria de “Ser menos”, na cultura, na vida, no aprendizado, como outros (...) tantos corpos estranhos também vivem: ocupando o fundo da cena para deixar a coreografia em dança bonita ou as apresentações teatrais ou musicais harmônicas. (shrink)

Resenha da obra: MACIEL, Sonia Maria. Ética e Felicidade - Um Estudo do Filebo de Platão. Porto Alegre> Edipucrs, 2002.

According to Kant, the possibility that pure practical reason may effectively determine the will depends, initially, upon an in-depth investigation of the faculty of desire within the perspective of his transcendental philosophy. In order to demonstrate this, we will present in this paper the critical development of this faculty and with it the bases upon which the concepts of a good will and of a pure practical reason relate themselves to the constitution of morality.

In his last papers about deontic logic, von Wright sustained that there is no genuine logic of norms. We argue in this paper that this striking statement by the father of deontic logic should not be understood as a death sentence to the subject. Rather, it indicates a profound change in von Wright's understanding about the epistemic and ontological role of logic in the field of norms. Instead of a logical constructivism of deontic systems revealing a necessary structure of prescriptive (...) discourse, which marked his earlier efforts, he adopted the view that such systems should be seem as mere objects of comparison, i.e. as providing practical standards of rationality for normgiving activity. Within such view he proposed an interpretation of standard deontic logic in such a way to free deontic logicians from the philosophical difficulties related to the so-called Jørgensen's dilemma and deontic paradoxes. This effort, as we claim in the present paper, is an application of Wittgenstein's therapeutic method to dissolve philosophical difficulties caused by the use of logical tools to model relations between norms. (shrink)

In the last papers published by Alchourrón, he attacked non-monotonic logics, which he considered philosophically unsound for the representation of defeasible reasoning. Instead of a non-monotonic consequence relation, he proposed a formal representation of defeasibility based on an AGM-like revision of implicit assumptions connected to the premises. Given that this is a procedure to generate non-monotonic logics, it is not clear, from a mathematical standpoint, why he was so suspicious of such logics. In the present paper we try to answer (...) this question based on Alchourrón' s convictions about epistemology, particularly the epistemology of law. We also propose another revision operator on theories called refinement, which provides a faithful representation of the sort of epistemic change considered by Alchourrón as intrinsic to defeasibility. En sus últimos escritos publicados, Alchourrón desarrolló un ataque contra las lógicas no-monotónicas, que consideraba filosóficamente inadecuadas a la representación del razonamiento derrotable. En vez de una relación de consecuencia no-monotónica, él propuso una representación formal de la derrotabilidad basada en un modelo de revisión de las asunciones implícitas ligadas a las premisas. Dado que éste es un procedimiento para generar lógicas no-monotónicas, no está claro -en el nivel matemático- por qué él era tan desconfiado de tales lógicas. En el presente texto intentamos contestar a esta pregunta basados en las convicciones de Alchourrón sobre epistemología, particularmente la epistemología jurídica. También proponemos otro operador de revisión aplicado a las teorías, llamado refinamiento, que proporciona una representación fiel de la especie de cambio epistémico considerado por Alchourrón como intrínseco a la derrotabilidad. (shrink)

It is shown that a notion of natural place is possible within modern physics. For Aristotle, the elements—the primary components of the world—follow to their natural places in the absence of forces. On the other hand, in general relativity, the so-called Carter–Penrose diagrams offer a notion of end for objects along the geodesics. Then, the notion of natural place in Aristotelian physics has an analog in the notion of conformal infinities in general relativity.

The principle of overlap of classes holds that when two entities interface, the effect is a blurring of boundaries between conceptual territories. In this paper, this question is in order: Is Folk Catholicism an instance of overlap of classes? If Folk Catholicism is not construed as such, these fallacies – using Robin George Collingwood’s perspective in his An Essay on Philosophical Method, may unfold: the fallacy of precarious margins, the fallacy of identified coincidents, and the fallacy of false disjunction. The (...) first fallacy holds that the ‘Folk’ in Folk Catholicism has no contribution to how ‘Catholicism’ unfolds. The second fallacy maintains that the extensions of both ‘Folk’ and ‘Catholicism’ are clearly delineated. The third fallacy underscores that Folk and Catholicism are mutually exclusive terms. When such fallacies are accepted, this paper holds that Folk Catholicism as a construct may be a contradiction of terms on what it means to be Folk and Catholic. This is the illogical consequence given that the truth of what it means to be folk necessitates the falsity of what it means to be Catholic and vice-versa. However, when recognized from the lens of the overlap, Folk Catholicism is construed as a term that evolves and is historically conditioned. (shrink)

An initial study of Robin George Collingwood's The Principles of Art and Benedetto Croce's Aesthetic: A Science ofExpression and General Linguistic gives an immediate impression that Collingwood appropriated and incorporated many elements in Croce's work to his own position. This is probably the main reason why Collingwood, in his correspondence with Croce, sincerely expressed his gratitude to the Italian Philosopher for laying the foundation of his art-theory. Collingwood's acknowledgement of Croce's influence and the apparentsimilarity in their theories on art disposes (...) us to wonder if Collingwood mayhave only extended, hence, reiterated the principles of Croce's position. Given this impression, the present article hopes to provide a study between Collingwood's and Croce's theories of art in the hope that we can tease out a crucial difference between their standpoints. If we can demonstrate a significant difference, then we may have provided ourselves with the cudgels to assert that Collingwood's theory of art is also unique. (shrink)

The ‘1st Congress Churches and LGBTI+ Community: ecumenical dialogues for respect for diversity’ was held between 19th and 22nd of June 2019, in the city of São Paulo. The Congress was organised by the Parish of the Holy Trinity of the Episcopal Anglican Church in Brazil and Koinonia–Ecumenical Presence in Service. As we consider this congress a historic landmark in the debates concerning religions and sexualities that escape from cisheteronormativity in Brazil, in the course of this article, we propose to (...) analyse the social and political conjuncture that motivated the event. In a second step, we will briefly describe the structure of the event, as well as its objectives, in order to understand the assumptions that guided the construction of the Letter of São Paulo, the official and public document of the Congress, approved in plenary by the participants. We believe that the Congress and the Letter of São Paulo have political potential, as they claim the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex+ people as people of faith and denounce forms of oppression, exclusion and marginalisation reinforced by conservative and hegemonic religious discourses. (shrink)

Objective: To evaluate moral development as an indicator of the capacity to consent among two groups of patients from the Hospital de Clínicas in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Method: Fifty-nine adolescents and 60 patients over 60 years of age participated in a cross-sectional study to assess moral development using Loevinger’s model of ego stages.Results: Age and moral development showed no association, with most participants in the two groups being in the conscientious phase.Conclusions: Age is probably not an adequate variable to measure (...) decision-making capacity, because questions of medical consent relate to participants’ own personal health. Decision-making capacity should be viewed as a continuous function. While the age of the person whose consent is needed should be considered, age alone, from a moral perspective, is not the main determinant of this capacity. (shrink)

En los últimos años, ha habido un creciente interés en analizar los problemas relativos a la epistemología de la prueba jurídica. En distintas culturas jurídicas, las cuestiones de prueba y razonamiento acerca de los hechos han sido abordadas desde diversas perspectivas. La cultura jurídica latinoamericana no es, en este sentido, una excepción: hay actualmente un vigoroso grupo de juristas en la región que se ha ocupado de estudiar problemas relativos a los procesos probatorios en el Derecho...

We show that using quasi-set theory, or the theory of collections of indistinguishable objects, we can define an algebra that has most of the standard properties of an orthocomplete orthomodular lattice, which is the lattice of all closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. We call the mathematical structure so obtained $\mathfrak{I}$-lattice. After discussing some aspects of such a structure, we indicate the next problem of axiomatizing the corresponding logic, that is, a logic which has $\mathfrak{I}$-lattices as its Lindembaum algebra, which (...) we postpone to a future work. Thus we conclude that the initial intuitions by Birkhoff and von Neumann that the ``logic of quantum mechanics" would be not classical logic, is consonant with the idea of considering indistinguishability right from the start, that is, as a primitive concept. In the first sections, we present the main motivations and a ``classical'' situation which mirrors that one we focus on the last part of the paper. This paper is our first analysis of the algebraic structure of indiscernibility. (shrink)